A Brief Interpretation of National Register Bulletin (Part II)
This article will focus on the evaluation of the architecture style catalog. There are many specific terms and descriptions of architecture and construction design, and here the catalog is establishing a transition relationship between architecture and architecture preservation, which exams from the current to the history through the evaluation techniques.
關鍵字
獨特的樣式，特殊年代，建造方式，風格，很高的藝術性。
美國的建築史，風格與建築學術在過去近百年的不斷完善，如今已是一個龐大的體系，尤其是在建築風格分類與保護領域早已規範化。政府也有陸續出版了相當數量的鑒定手冊，比如住宅建築風格的鑒定手冊，對於普及建築學有很大的貢獻。該國政府和一些相關的組織很早就開始將建築遺產進行相當詳實與細緻的分類入檔，保護，研究工作。
Distinctive characteristics
“Distinctive Characteristics” are the physical features or traits that commonly recur in individual types, periods, or methods of construction. To be eligible, a property must clearly contain enough of those characteristics……Characteristics can be expressed in terms such as form, proportion, structure, plan, style, or materials. They can be general, referring to ideas of design and construction such as basic plan or form, or they can be specific, referring to precise ways of combining particular kinds of materials.
特徵鮮明的定義，廣泛的包涵在特定的風格、年代、建設方式中。 建築物必須明確包含足夠的特徵來符合登錄的條件，這裡的特徵可以建築的形式，比例，結構，計劃（建築方案），風格樣式或材料等方式表達。一般而言，它們可以通過建築設計和建造的構思反映出來，比如基本方案或者形式；或者具體來說，比如通過組合特定材料的精確方法來表達出來。
The definition of the form of architecture
According to the Webster Dictionary, “Form” is “the shape or contour of something a body of a living being, the basic nature of something, the way in which something exists; variety; style or manner as established by custom or regulation or etiquette; performance according to established criteria…style in musical or literary composition; the design or style of a work of art.”
Louis I Kahn used to state his ideas about form and design in the book “Louis I. Kahn: Thoughts and Architecture Works”, and he made the definition that “form is ‘what’ and design is ‘how’”. Kahn stated clearly that form is “a harmony of systems, a sense of Order…A form is the realization of nature, made up inseparable elements. The form has no shape or dimension…form precedes Design.” He added, “Design gives the elements their shapes, taking them from their existence in the mind of their tangible presence.” Kahn believes that “Form” refers to the permanent, forever, unchangeable and spiritual issues, which have no exact shapes and they are existing actually in one’s mind.
What is the “Order”? Kahn says that order is the way of an arrangement of the elements. From the Webster Dictionary, “Order” means “a condition where there is a logical arrangement or disposition of things; sequence or succession.” The order could be the methods of organization, arrangements, and planning of kinds of elements. They might follow some typical rules.
關於建築形式的定義
要區別建築形式與建築樣式（風格）的區別。韋氏詞典指出形式闡釋了物體的本質。根據建築大師路易斯康曾經給出的定義，“建築的形式是關於什麽的問題，而設計是關於途徑的問題。是和諧的一個系統，秩序的意義，形式是自然的意識，彌補不可分割的元素。 形式沒有形狀或尺寸…形式在設計之前。”而這裡的秩序，是元素組成的順序的特定方式與原理。比如，典型的羅馬天主教堂幾乎都採用拉丁十字平面，但其風格不盡相同，比如德國境內的羅曼式天主教堂與典型的意大利巴西利卡天主教堂具有很大的風格差異，但擁有共同的形式。
Type, period, and method of construction
“Type, period, or method of construction” refers to the way certain properties are related to one another by cultural tradition or function, by dates of construction, or style, or by choice or availability of materials and technology.
工程，技術，美學成就（建築師、工匠），那些包涵了重要的風格，設計哲學，具有高度的美學價值，技術革新等建築項目。
A structure is eligible as a specimen of its type or period of construction if it is an important example of building practices of a particular time in history. For properties that represent the variation, evolution, or transition of construction types, it must be demonstrated that the variation, etc., was an important phase of the architectural development of the area or community in that it had an impact as evidenced identified as the only such property ever fabricated; it must be demonstrated to be significant as well.
如果一處工程是建築歷史上某個時間實踐的一個重要項目，那麼這處一個工程作為其類型或建設期符合登錄條件。 對於代表建築類型的變化、演變或轉型的項目，必須證明該變化等是該地區或社區建築發展的重要階段，因為它具有影響，被證明是只有這樣的財產曾經製造過; 它也必須被證明是重要的。
Historic adaption of the original property
A property can be significant not only for the way it was originally constructed or crafted, but also for the way it was adopted at a later period, or for the way it illustrates changing tastes, attitudes, and uses over a period of time.
一處財產可以被認定是重要的不僅是因為它最初的建造或製造方式，而且還可以是因為在以後的時期被調整，或者說是在一段時間內改變品位，態度和用途的方式。
Works for a master
A master is a figure of generally recognized greatness in a field, a known craftsman of consummate skills, or an anonymous craftsman whose work is distinguishable from others by its characteristics style and quality. The property must express a particular phase in the development of the master’s career, an aspect of his or her work, or a particular idea or theme in his or her craft.
大師的作品，必須反映出該大師在他或她的事業發展生涯、業務的一個方面、或是工藝中的特殊創意或主題方面一個特定的階段性特徵。
Reference:
National Register of Historic Places
National Historic Landmark (NHL)
image source
http://www.keywordhut.com/Y2FwaXRvbCBidWlsZGluZyBhZGRyZXNz/
notes
Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level is one of more than 4000 monuments listed as of significant historical, artistic or scientific value by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of P.R.C.
